A Continuous arc of tension
Ever since 1949, Beijing has sought to restore control over territories once linked to its imperial sphere, adapting its methods to its increasing capabilities. On land, this took the form of successive campaigns to “reunify” the national territory; at sea, it has evolved through three main phases — securing coastal waters, controlling key archipelagos, and projecting power across the Indo-Pacific.
Analysts often treat the South China Sea, East China Sea, Taiwan Strait, and Yellow Sea as distinct theatres. Yet, the persistence, sequencing, and coordination of China’s actions across these zones point instead toward a comprehensive, long-term maritime strategy within a continuous and unified conflictual space, aimed at reshaping the regional balance of power.
What follows examines how, beyond the involvement of traditional and paramilitary actors, Beijing has, in recent years, employed a growing number of unmanned and unconventional naval platforms to advance its objectives while remaining in the grey zone.